Research about Criminal Justice Issues:

Civil Rights

• Uneven Justice: State Rates of Incarceration by Race and Ethnicity, Sentencing Project. July, 2007.
• Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, [PDF] United Nations - Human Rights Committee. July, 2006. (The UN expresses numerous concerns about the state of civil and political rights in the United States)
• Law Enforcement and Arab American Community Relations After September 11, 2001: Engagement in a Time of Uncertainty, Vera Institute of Justice. June, 2006. "Although community members also reported increases in hate victimization, they expressed greater concern about being victimized by federal policies and practices than by individual acts of harassment or violence."
• A Report on Pre- and Post-Katrina Indigent Defense in New Orleans Southern Center for Human Rights. April, 2006. "More than six months after Katrina, a majority of [indigent defendants] remain behind bars, where they have languished on average for over a year without any communication with a defense attorney."
• Human Rights in the Heartland: An assessment of social, economic, civil, and political rights in the Midwest, [PDF] Heartland Alliance. December, 2005. "Historically, the U.S. has been a beacon of hope for those seeking safety and opportunity, but our nation falls short of its potential in assuring a full complement of human rights - civil, political, social, economic, and cultural."
• Incarceration is not an equal opportunity punishment Prison Policy Initiative. June, 2005. (Who imprisons more Blacks?; Current incarceration rates for the U.S. compared with 1993 apartheid South Africa)
• Don't Mind If I Take a Look, Do Ya? An Examination of Consent Searches and Contraband Hit Rates at Texas Traffic Stops, [PDF] Texas Criminal Justice Coalition. February, 2005. (2005 Racial Profiling Report)
• Race & Imprisonment in Texas: The Disparate Incarceration of Latinos and African Americans in the Lone Star State, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. February, 2005.
• Racial disparity in sentencing: A review of the literature, [PDF] Sentencing Project. January, 2005.
• Race and Incarceration: A Preliminary Consideration, [PDF] Delaware Center for Justice and Metropolitan Wilmington Urban League. 2005.
• American Indians and Crime: A BJS Statistical Profile, 1992-2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2004.
• Fifteen Years of Guidelines Sentencing U.S. Sentencing Commission. November, 2004.
• Civil Rights Enforcement by Bush Administration Lags Trac Reports. November, 2004.
• Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration, [PDF] Becky Pettit and Bruce Western. May, 2004.
• Racial disparities in incarceration by state, 2000 [Website] Prison Policy Initiative. May, 2004. (Graphs showing the percentage of each state's total and prison population that is of a particular racial/ethnic group)
• Incarceration rates by race, 2001: [Website] Prison Policy Initiative. April, 2004. (Blacks, Whites, Latinos per 100,000 for each state and the U.S.)
• Schools and Prisons: Fifty Years After Brown v. Board of Education, [PDF] Sentencing Project. April, 2004.
• State Rates of Incarceration by Race [PDF] Sentencing Project. January, 2004.
• Race and Incarceration in Maryland [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. October, 2003.
• Racial Disparities in North Carolina incarceration Prison Policy Initiative. September, 2003.
• Hispanic Prisoners in the United States [PDF] Sentencing Project. August, 2003.
• Incarcerated America: Backgrounder, Human Rights Watch. April, 2003.
• The Mark of a Criminal Record [PDF] Prof. Devah Pager, Northwestern University. March, 2003.
• A Department in Denial: The San Francisco Police Department's Failure to Address Racial Profiling, [PDF] ACLU of Northern California. October, 2002.
• Race and Incarceration in the United States Human Rights Watch. February, 2002. "first state-by-state incarceration rates for whites, blacks and Latinos based on actual correctional facility counts"(Note the links to the report and tables on the right)
• Reducing Disproportionate Minority Confinement: The Multnomah County Oregon Success Story and its Implications, Justice Policy Institute. January, 2002.
• The Vicious Circle: Race, Prison, Jobs and Community in Chicago, Illinois, and the Nation, [PDF] Chicago Urban League. 2002.
• Wisconsin Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice Project [Website] Professor Pamela Oliver University of Wisconsin Department of Sociology. 2002.
• Mass Incarceration as Reverse Reparations [PDF] Chicago Urban League. September, 2001.
• Color of the Keystone: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in the Use of Incarceration in Pennsylvania, Justice Policy Institute and National Center on Institutions and Alternatives. August, 2001.
• The brotherhood: Racism and intimidation among prison staff at Indiana Correctional Facility-Putnamville, [PDF] Kelsey Kauffman. July, 2001.
• Racism and the administration of justice Amnesty International. July, 2001. (Covers the whole world, based in international law)
• Masking the Divide: How Officially Reported Prison Statistics Distort the Racial and Ethnic Realities of Prison Growth, [PDF] National Center on Institutions and Alternatives. May, 2001.
• Drugs and Disparity: The Racial Impact of Illinois' Practice of Transferring Young Drug Offenders, Building Blocks for Youth. April, 2001.
• The Color and Geography of Prison Growth in Illinois [PDF] Chicago Urban League. 2001.
• Justice on Trial: Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System, [PDF] Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Leadership Conference Education Fund. 2001. (2.5MB)
• Color Bind: Prisons and the New American Racism, [PDF] Chicago Urban League. 2001.
• Reducing Racial Disparity in the Criminal Justice System: A Manual for Practitioners and Policymakers, [PDF] Sentencing Project. October, 2000.
• Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, Human Rights Watch. May, 2000.
• Crisis of the Young African American Male and the Criminal Justice System [PDF] Sentencing Project. April, 2000.
• And Justice for Some Building Blocks for Youth. April, 2000.
• The Color of Justice An Analysis of Juvenile Adult Court Transfers in California, Building Blocks for Youth. February, 2000.
• The Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Charging and Sentencing Processes for Drug Offenders in Three Counties of Washington State, [PDF] Washington State Minority and Justice Commission. December, 1999.
• American Indians and Crime Bureau of Justice Statistics. February, 1999. "American Indians are victims of violent crime at double the rate of the general population"(includes some incarceration statistics)
• Juvenile Justice and Disproportionality: Patterns of Minority Over-Representation in Washington's Juvenile Justice System, State of Washington Sentencing Guidelines Commission. December, 1997.
• The Problem Of Overrepresentation Of Minority Youth In The Justice System Building Blocks for Youth. 1997. (date is approximate)
• Modern Capital of Human Rights? Abuses in the State of Georgia, Human Rights Watch. July, 1996.
• Race and drug law enforcement in the state of Georgia Human Rights Watch. July, 1996.
• A Preference for Vengeance: The Death Penalty and the Treatment of Prisoners in Georgia, [PDF] Southern Center for Human Rights. June, 1996.
• Young African Americans and the Criminal Justice System in California: Five Years Later, Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. February, 1996.
• Young Black Male Victims Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 1994.
• Does the punishment fit the crime? Drug users and drunk drivers, questions of race and class, [PDF] Sentencing Project. May, 1993. (Executive summary to longer report not available online)
• A Question of Race II: New York and Its Neighbors A Look at the Incarceration of Whites and Minorities in the United States, [PDF] New York State Coalition for Criminal Justice. 1990.
• A Question of Race Minority/White Incarceration in New York State, Center for Justice Education. January, 1987.

Crime and Crime Rates

• Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2008. "More than three-fourths of felony defendants had a prior arrest history, with 53% having at least five prior arrest charges."
• Crime, Corrections, and California: What Does Immigration Have to Do with It?, Public Policy Institute of California. February, 2008. "Immigrants are far less likely than the average U.S. native to commit crime in California.... Such findings suggest that longstanding fears of immigration as a threat to public safety are unjustified."
• Federal Prosecution of Child Sex Exploitation Offenders, 2006 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2007. "The main sex exploitation offense referred to U.S. attorneys shifted from sex abuse (73%) in 1994 to child pornography (69%) in 2006."
• Criminal Victimization, 2006 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2007. "Males experienced higher levels of victimization than females. The rate of violent victimization for males was 26 violent victimizations per 1,000 males age 12 or older. Females experienced 23 violent victimizations per 1,000 females age 12 or older."
• Identity Theft, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2007. "Ten percent of the households with incomes of $75,000 or higher experienced identity theft; that was about twice the percentage of households earning less than $50,000."
• I'd rather be Hanged for a Sheep than a Lamb The Unintended Consequences of 'Three-Strikes' Laws, [PDF] Radha Iyengar, Harvard University. October, 2007. "Among third-strike eligible offenders, the probability of committing violent crimes increased by 9 percentage points."
• Black Victims of Violent Crime Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2007. "Blacks accounted for 13% of the U.S. population in 2005, but were victims in 15% of all nonfatal violent crimes and nearly half of all homicides."
• Gang Wars: The Failure of Enforcement Tactics and the Need for Effective Public Safety Strategies, Justice Policy Institute. July, 2007. ""The myth of a growing gang menace has been fueled by sensational media coverage and misuse of law enforcement gang statistics, which gang experts consider unreliable for the purpose of tracking local crime trends.""(There are fewer gang members in the United States today than there were a decade ago, and there is no evidence that gang activity is growing.)
• Veterans in State and Federal Prison, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2007. "The percentage of veterans among State and Federal prisoners has steadily declined over the past three decades, according to national surveys of prison inmates conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics."
• Crime and the Nation's Households, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2007. "Households in the West were more likely to experience one or more crimes compared to households in other regions."
• (New) The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men (Spring 2007), Immigration Policy Center. 2007. "Among men age 18-39 (who comprise the vast majority of the prison population), the 3.5 percent incarceration rate of the native-born in 2000 was 5 times higher than the 0.7 percent incarceration rate of the foreign-born."
• Intimate Partner Violence in the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2006. "Overall intimate partner violence during 2004 remained unchanged from 2003, although some demographic groups experienced an increase."
• Federal Prosecution of Human Trafficking, 2001-2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2006. "Between 2001 and 2005, U.S. attorneys investigated 555 suspects in matters involving violations of Federal human trafficking statutes."
• Criminal Victimization, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2006. "For most crimes, aggregated rates for the period 2004-05 were unchanged from the previous two year period 2002-03, while minor declines were seen for some forms of robbery and simple assault without injury."
• Federal Criminal Justice Trends, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2006. "Drug offenses remained the most prevalent offense across stages over 10-year period."
• Violent Felons in Large Urban Counties Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2006. "Eight-one percent of violent felons were sentenced to incarceration with 50% going to prison and 31% to jail. Nineteen percent received a probation term without incarceration."
• Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report, 2005 Federal Bureau of Investigation. June, 2006. "Preliminary figures indicate that, as a whole, law enforcement agencies throughout the Nation reported an increase of 2.5 percent in the number of violent crimes brought to their attention in 2005 when compared to figures reported for 2004."
• Evaluation of Milwaukee's Judicial Oversight Demonstration Urban Institute. May, 2006. "Judicial Oversight Demonstration (JOD) was associated with a reduced rate of arrest for domestic violence, an indication of gains in victim safety."
• Identity Theft, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2006. "The report, based on interviews with 40,000 household residents drawn to be nationally representative, describes age, race, and ethnicity of the household head; household income; and location of the household (urbanicity)."
• Crime and the Nation's Households, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2006. "Both violent and property crimes declined between 1994 and 2004."
• Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State: Failure to Register As a Sex Offender, [PDF] Washington State Institute for Public Policy. January, 2006. "[S]ex offenders with a conviction for failing to register have recidivism rates that are twice the rate of those without a conviction."
• Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State: Has Community Notification Reduced Recivism?, [PDF] Washington State Institute for Public Policy. December, 2005.
• Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State: Notification Levels and Recidivism, [PDF] Washington State Institute for Public Policy. December, 2005. "The notification levels determined by the ESRC do not classify sex offenders into groups that accurately reflect their risk for reoffending."
• Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2005. "Annually, from 1999 through 2003, teachers were the victims of approximately 183,000 total nonfatal crimes at school, including 119,000 thefts and 65,000 violent crimes."
• Incarceration and Crime: A Complex Relationship, [PDF] Sentencing Project. November, 2005.
• Hate Crimes Reported by Victims and Police Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2005.
• A Primer: Three Strikes - The Impact After More Than a Decade, Legislative Analyst's Office (LAO) - California's Nonpartisan Fiscal and Policy Advisor. October, 2005.
• Annual Report - Fiscal Year 2005 [PDF] State of Missouri Public Defender Commission. October, 2005. "[B]y 2005 trial division attorneys average 298 cases, 27% more than the 1989 caseload standard.... At 17%, the Department's attorney turnover rate is simply too high."
• Crime in the United States - 2004 Federal Bureau of Investigation. October, 2005.
• Criminal Victimization, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2005. "The rate of violent crime dropped 9% from the period 2001-02 to the period 2003-04."(Presents victimization rates for 2004.)
• Ganging Up on Communities Putting Gang Crime in Context, Justice Policy Institute. July, 2005.
• Family Violence Statistics: Including Statistics on Strangers and Acquaintances, Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2005.
• Violence by Gang Members, 1993-2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2005.
• Crime and Victimization in the Three Largest Metropolitan Areas, 1980-98, Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 2005.
• The Governor's Preventing Crime in Virginia's Minority Communities Task For Department of Criminal Justice Services. March, 2005.
• Does Parole Work?: Analyzing the Impact of Postprison Supervision on Rearrest Outcomes, [PDF] Urban Institute. March, 2005.
• Violent Victimization of College Students, 1995-2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2005.
• Crimes Against Persons Age 65 or Older, 1993-2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2005.
• Oregon's Measure 11 Sentencing Reform: Implementation and System Impact, [PDF] RAND Corporation. January, 2005.
• Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2004.
• Crime in the United States - 2003 Federal Bureau of Investigation. October, 2004.
• Intellectual Property Theft, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2004.
• Crime and the Nation's Households, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2004.
• When Violence Hits Home: How Economics and Neighborhood Play a Role, National Institute of Justice. September, 2004.
• Criminal Victimization, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2004.
• Carjacking, 1993-2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2004.
• Crime Trends and Incarceration Rates in Oregon Justice Strategies. June, 2004.
• Georgia's Aging Inmate Population Georgia Department of Corrections. June, 2004. "Georgia, with a prison population in excess of 47,000 inmates has the sixth largest prison system in the nation. At the end of FY 2002 4,025 inmates, or nearly one in ten were 50 or older."
• Crime and the Nation's Households, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. February, 2004.
• Violent Victimization of College Students Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2003. "students were victims of violence overall at rates lower than those of nonstudents."
• Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2003.
• Crime in the United States - 2002 Federal Bureau of Investigation. October, 2003.
• Criminal Victimization, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2003. (Overall violent victimization and property crime rates are the lowest recorded since recording began in 1973)
• Money Laundering Offenders 1994-2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2003.
• Reporting Crime to the Police, 1992-2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 2003.
• Intimate Partner Violence, 1993-2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. February, 2003.
• Federal Criminal Case Processing, 2001 With trends 1982-2001, Reconciled Data, Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2003.
• Homicide Trends in the United States: 2000 Update, Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2003.
• Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2001 [PDF] Federal Bureau of Investigation. December, 2002.
• Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2002.
• Hate Crime Statistics, 2001 [PDF] Federal Bureau of Investigation. November, 2002.
• Crime in the United States - 2001 Federal Bureau of Investigation. October, 2002.
• Crime and the Nation's Households, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2002.
• Reflections on the Crime Decline: Lessons for the Future?, [PDF] Urban Institute. August, 2002. (builds upon the work of The Crime Drop in America, edited by Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman)
• Rape and Sexual Assault: Reporting to Police and Medical Attention, 1992-2000, Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2002.
• Civil Rights Complaints in U.S. District Courts, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2002.
• Third-Party Involvement in Violent Crime 1993-99, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2002. (Third parties include bystanders, other victims, household members, police officer, officers, instigators, or any combination of these.)
• Hispanic Victims of Violent Crime, 1993-2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2002.
• Age Patterns in Violent Victimization, 1976-2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. February, 2002.
• Criminal Victimization 2001: Changes 2000-2001 with Trends 1993-2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2002. (dropped 10% in 2001; to half the rate it was in 1973 when the survey began)
• Homicide trends in the United States [Website] Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2002. (Frequently updated)
• Violence in the Workplace, 1993-99 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2001. "Law enforcement officers most at risk for workplace violence"(This report presents data for 1993 through 1999 from the National Crime Victimization Survey estimating the extent of workplace crime in the United States.)
• Hate Crime Statistics, 2000 [PDF] Federal Bureau of Investigation. November, 2001. "This annual report captures information on bias-motivated incidents, the nature of the offense, and the characteristics of the victims and offenders."(The UCR covers *reported* crime not actual crime.)
• Crime in 2000 Federal Bureau of Investigation. October, 2001. "FBI reports no change in crime"(Uniform Crime Reports contains only reported crime)
• Intimate Partner Violence and Age of Victim, 1993-99 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2001.
• Hate Crimes Reported in NIBRS, 1997-99 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2001.
• Injuries from Violent Crime, 1992-98 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2001. "On average each year between 1992 and 1998, 2.6 million of the 10.2 million victims of violent crime in the United States were injured in the victimization."
• Criminal Victimization 2000: Changes 1999-2000 with Trends 1993-2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2001.
• Violent Victimization and Race, 1993-98 Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 2001.
• Childhood Victimization and Delinquency, Adult Criminality, and Violent Criminal Behavior: A Replication and Extension, Final Report., [PDF] Diana J. English, Cathy Spatz Widom and Carol Brandford. January, 2001.
• Sexual Victimization of College Women Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2001.
• Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2000: Crime in the Nation's schools declined in the 1990's, Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2000.
• Urban, Suburban, and Rural Victimization, 1993-98 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2000.
• Criminal Victimization 1999: Changes 1998-99 with Trends 1993-99, Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2000. "National violent crime rate falls more than 10 percent -- Violent victimizations down one-third since 1993"
• Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident, and Offender Characteristics, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2000.
• Intimate Partner Violence Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2000. "Intimate partner violence against women declined from 1993 through 1998 -- One-third of all murdered females were killed by partner"
• School House Hype: Two Years Later [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. April, 2000.
• Dispelling the Myth: An Analysis of Youth and Adult Crime Patterns in California over the Past 20 Years, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. March, 2000.
• Crimes against Persons Age 65 or Older, 1992-97 Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 2000. "People 65 years old and older less likely to be victims of violent crime than younger U.S. residents"
• Federal Enforcement of Environment Laws, 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 1999. "Prosecutors investigated almost 1,000 individuals and businesses suspected of criminal environmental law violations"
• DWI Offenders under Correctional Supervision Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 1999. "More than 500,000 drunk drivers on probation or incarcerated in 1997"
• Criminal Victimization and Perceptions of Community Safety Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 1999. "Survey in 12 cities show widespread community support for police: New process collects data on victimization, citizen perceptions of police and crime"
• Youth Violence: Perception Versus Reality, Urban Institute. May, 1999.
• Carjackings in the United States, 1992-96 Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 1999. "Reports shows almost 49,000 non-fatal carjackings every year"
• Homicide Trends in the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 1999. "Nation's largest cities lead the way as homicides fall to lowest rate in three decades"
• School House Hype: The School Shootings, and the Real Risks Kids Face in America, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. July, 1998.
• Workplace Violence, 1992-96 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 1998.
• Students' Report of School Crime: 1989 and 1995, Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1998.
• Trends in Juvenile Violence and the 1997 Update Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 1997.
• Sex Differences in Violent Victimization, 1994 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 1997.
• Age Patterns of Victims of Serious Violent Crime Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1997. "Presents data from the redesigned NCVS that examines violent crime across the general population, ages 12 or older."
• Violence-Related Injuries Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1997.
• Criminal Victimization, 1973-95 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1997.
• Changes in Criminal Victimization 1994-95 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1997.
• Sex Offenses and Offenders Bureau of Justice Statistics. February, 1997.
• Female Victims of Violent Crime Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 1996.
• Child Victimizers: Violent Offenders and Their Victims, Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 1996.
• Violence Against Women: Estimates from the Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey, Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1995.
• Violent Offenders in State Prison: Sentences and Time Served--State Inmates, 1992-94, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 1995.
• Violence between Intimates Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 1994.
• Violence and Theft in the Workplace Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 1994.
• Child Rape Victims, 1992 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 1994. (based on 15 states)
• Elderly Crime Victims Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 1994.
• Crime and the Nation's Households, 1992 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 1993.
• Murder in Large Urban Counties, 1988 Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 1993.
• School Crime, 1991 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 1991. "Analyzes the experiences of U.S. students in grades 6-12"

Data Collection

• How Crime in the United States Is Measured [PDF] Congressional Research Service. January, 2008. (An overview of crime data collection programs "used by Congress to inform policy decisions and allocate federal criminal justice funding to states.")
• Improving Criminal History Records in Indian Country, 2004-2006 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2007. "Describes the achievements of the Tribal Criminal History Records Improvement Program (T-CHRIP) which provides grants to federally recognized tribes to improve data sharing across tribal, state and national criminal records systems."
• Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2006.
• Improving Criminal History Records for Background Checks, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2006. "Describes the achievements of the National Criminal History Improvement Program (NCHIP), its authorizing legislation, and program history."
• Prosecutors in State Courts, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2006. "Most prosecutors (95%) relied on State operated forensic laboratories to perform DNA analysis, with about a third (34%) also using privately operated DNA labs."
• Appeals from General Civil Trials in 46 Large Counties, 2001-2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2006.
• Survey of State Criminal History Information Systems, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 2006.
• Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing Statistics U. S. Sentencing Commission. 2006. "This Sourcebook contains descriptive statistics on the application of the federal sentencing guidelines and provides selected district, circuit, and national sentencing data."
• Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2005. "Almost 75% (140) of the tribes relied on the States for some justice services (for example, correctional and counseling services)."
• Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2005.
• Improving Access to and Integrity of Criminal History Records Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2005.
• Traffic Stop Data Collection Policies for State Police, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2005.
• Reporting by Prosecutors' Offices to Repositories of Criminal History Records, Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2005.
• Missouri Vehicle Stops 2004 Annual Report, Missouri Attorney General's Office. 2005. (A response to)
• Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2003.
• Compendium of State Security and Privacy Legislation: Overview 2002, Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2003.
• Survey of State Criminal History Information Systems, 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2003.
• Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002 At A Glance, Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2002.
• Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2002. (statistics on all the stages of the federal criminal justice system from arrest to parole)
• Summary of State Sex Offender Registries, 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 2002.
• Use and Management of Criminal History Record Information: A Comprehensive Report, 2001 Update, Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2001.
• Traffic Stop Data Collection Policies for State Police, 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2001.
• Compendium of State Privacy and Security Legislation: 1999 Overview, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2000.
• Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 1998 Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2000. "Cross-agency Federal arrest data published for first time -- almost half of arrests for drug or immigration offenses"
• Continuing Criminal History Records Improvement Evaluation: Final 1994-98 Report, Bureau of Justice Statistics. February, 2000.
• Conducting Community Surveys: A Practical Guide for Law Enforcement Agencies, Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 1999.
• Implementing the National Incident-Based Reporting System: A Project Status Report, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 1997.
• Domestic and Sexual Violence Data Collection: A Report to Congress under the Violence Against Women Act ,, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 1996. "how States and the Federal government collect data on the incidence of sexual and domestic violence offenses."

Death Penalty

• The Death Penalty in 2007: Year End Report, Death Penalty Information Center. December, 2007. "Almost all (86%) of the executions in 2007 were in the South, and 62% of the executions took place in one state, Texas. Executions have declined 57% since 1999."
• The Death Penalty in 2007: Year End Report, [PDF] Death Penalty Information Center. December, 2007. "Almost all (86%) of the executions in 2007 were in the South, and 62% of the executions took place in one state, Texas. Executions have declined 57% since 1999."
• Who Survives on Death Row? An Individual and Contextual Analysis, American Civil Liberties Union. August, 2007. "The findings show that despite efforts to transcend an unfortunate racial past, residues of this fierce discrimination evidently still linger, at least when the most morally critical decision about punishment is decided."
• The Persistent Problem of Racial Disparities in the Federal Death Penalty American Civil Liberties Union. June, 2007. "This paper details the profoundly troubling evidence that racial disparities continue to plague the modern federal death penalty."
• The Persistent Problem of Racial Disparities in the Federal Death Penalty American Civil Liberties Union. June, 2007. "[M]odern Attorneys General seek the death penalty at far higher rates if the victim is White, and White federal defendants are far more likely to have their death charges reduced to life sentences through plea bargaining."
• Prisoner-assisted homicide: more 'volunteer' executions loom, Amnesty International. May, 2007. "Race and mental health appear to be the strongest predictors of who will waive their appeals - most "volunteers" are white males ... and many have a history of mental disorders.""
• New Jersey Death Penalty Study Commision Report [PDF] New Jersey Death Penalty Study Commision. January, 2007. "There is no compelling evidence that the New Jersey death penalty rationally serves a legitimate penological intent."
• Death Penalty on the Decline Amnesty International. 2007. "The Annual Death Penalty Statistics... show a worldwide trend towards abolition with an encouraging 25 per cent decrease in executions and death sentences in 2006."(Overview of wold trends, includes links to facts and statistics.)
• Capital Punishment, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2006. "Of those under sentence of death, 56% were white, 42% were black, and 2% were of other races. Fifty-two women were under sentence of death in 2005, up from 47 in 1995."
• The Death Penalty in 2006: Year End Report, [PDF] Death Penalty Information Center. December, 2006. "Executions dropped to their lowest level in 10 years as many states grappled with problems related to wrongful convictions and the lethal injection process."
• Florida Death Penalty Assessment Report American Bar Association. September, 2006. "[R]esearch establishes that many Florida capital jurors do not understand their role and responsibilities when deciding whether to impose a death sentence."
• So Long as They Die: Lethal Injections in the United States, Human Rights Watch. April, 2006. "[P]prisoners in the United States are executed by means that the American Veterinary Medical Association regards as too cruel to use on dogs and cats."
• Mandatory Justice: The Death Penalty Revisited, The Constitution Project. February, 2006. "[P]rovides a list of specific and innovative tactics for improving the fairness and reliability of capital punishment systems in the United States."
• Capital Punishment, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2005.
• Broken Justice: The Death Penalty in Alabama, [PDF] ACLU. October, 2005. "At least 30 current death row prisoners have no lawyer. Alabama's death row occupants are overwhelmingly poor -- 95 percent are indigent -- and minority."
• Blind Justice: Juries Deciding Life and Death With Only Half the Truth, [PDF] Death Penalty Information Center. October, 2005. "How Death Penalty Jurors are Unfairly Selected, Manipulated, and Kept in the Dark"
• Death Row U.S.A. Summer 2005, [PDF] NAACP LDF. May, 2005.
• Death Row U.S.A. Winter 2005, [PDF] NAACP LDF. March, 2005.
• Death Row U.S.A. Fall 2004, [PDF] NAACP LDF. December, 2004.
• The death penalty in 2004: Year end report, [PDF] Death Penalty Information Center. December, 2004.
• Capital Punishment, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2004.
• Innocence and the Crisis in the American Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center. September, 2004.
• Death Row U.S.A. Summer 2004, [PDF] NAACP LDF. July, 2004.
• Death Row U.S.A. Spring 2004, [PDF] NAACP LDF. April, 2004.
• Death Row U.S.A. Winter 2004, [PDF] NAACP LDF. January, 2004.
• The Death Penalty in the Year 2003: Year End Report, [PDF] Death Penalty Information Center. December, 2003.
• Capital Punishment 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2003.
• Death Row U.S.A. Fall 2003, [PDF] NAACP LDF. October, 2003.
• Capital Punishment in New York State Statistics from Eight Years of Representation, New York Capital Defender Office. August, 2003.
• Death Row U.S.A. Summer 2003, [PDF] NAACP LDF. July, 2003.
• Death by discrimination: The continuing role of race in capital cases, Amnesty International. April, 2003.
• Death Row U.S.A. Spring 2003, [PDF] NAACP LDF. April, 2003.
• Death Row U.S.A. Winter 2003, [PDF] NAACP LDF. January, 2003.
• Study of the Imposition of the Death Penalty in Connecticut State of Connecticut Commission on the Death Penalty. January, 2003.
• An Empirical Analysis of Maryland's Death Sentencing System With Respect to the Influence of Race and Legal Jurisdiction, [PDF] Professor Raymond Paternoster, Univ. of Maryland. January, 2003.
• A State of Denial: Texas Justice and the Death Penalty, Texas Defender Service. December, 2002.
• Capital Case Commission Report (Arizona) Arizona Attorney General. December, 2002.
• Capital Punishment 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2002.
• The Death Penalty in 2002: Year End Report, Death Penalty Information Center. November, 2002.
• Death Row U.S.A. Fall 2002, [PDF] NAACP LDF. October, 2002.
• Common Sense Says ... That people on Death Row often had the state's worst lawyers at trial., Common Sense Foundation. October, 2002. "More than one in six current death row inmates was represented at trial by lawyers who have been disciplined by the North Carolina State Bar"
• The Disposition of Nebraska Capital and Non-Capital Homicide Cases Nebraska Crime Commission. October, 2002. (death sentences 5 times more likely if victim well to do)
• Indecent and internationally illegal The death penalty and child offenders, [PDF] Amnesty International. September, 2002.
• Dignity Denied: The Experience of Murder Victims' Family Members Who Oppose the Death Penalty, [PDF] Murder Victims' Families for Reconciliation. August, 2002.
• Death Row U.S.A. Summer 2002, [PDF] NAACP LDF. July, 2002.
• Report of the Governor's Commission on Capital Punishment [Website] Illinois Governor George H. Ryan's Commission on Capital Punishment. April, 2002.
• Death sentence reversals cast doubt on system Courtroom mistakes put executions on hold, Howard Mintz, San Jose Mercury News. April, 2002. (focuses on California and the high rate at which federal judges overturn California judges who vote for death)
• Death Row U.S.A. Spring 2002, [PDF] NAACP LDF. April, 2002.
• A Broken System, Part II: Why There Is So Much Error in Capital Cases, and What Can Be Done About It, James Liebman. February, 2002.
• Facts and Figures on the Death Penalty [PDF] Amnesty International. February, 2002. (lots of international comparisons, regularly updated)
• Innocence and the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center. January, 2002.
• Arbitrary, discriminatory, and cruel: an aide-mémoire to 25 years of judicial killing, Amnesty International. January, 2002. (summarizes the cases of the executed, sorted by theme)
• Drug Companies and Their Role in Aiding Executions National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. 2002.
• Lethal Indifference: The Fatal Combination of Incompetent Attorneys and Unaccountable Courts, [PDF] Texas Defender Service. 2002.
• The Death Penalty and Human Rights U.S. Death Penalty and International Law, [PDF] Death Penalty Information Center. 2002.
• Capital Punishment 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2001. "Thirty-seven States and Federal government held almost 3,600 inmates on death row"(This report presents the characteristics of persons under sentence of death on December 31, 2000, and of persons executed in 2000.)
• Review of Virginia's System of Capital Punishment [PDF] Joint Legislative Audit Review Commission. December, 2001.
• The Death Penalty in 2001: Year End Report, [PDF] Death Penalty Information Center. December, 2001.
• No return to execution: The US death penalty as a barrier to extradition, Amnesty International. November, 2001. "overview of the emerging global consensus against capital punishment"(One more reason for the USA to abolish the death penalty is that its increasingly isolated resort to this punishment is undermining international cooperation on law enforcement)
• Death Row U.S.A. Fall 2001, [PDF] NAACP LDF. October, 2001.
• Toward Greater Awareness: The American Bar Association Call for a Moratorium on Executions Gains Ground, American Bar Association. August, 2001.
• Protecting the Consular Rights of Foreign Nationals Facing the Death Penalty, [PDF] Amnesty International. August, 2001.
• Report to the Supreme Court Systemic Proportionality Review Project 2000-2001 Term, [PDF] New Jersey Supreme Court. June, 2001. "there is unsettling statistical evidence indicating that cases involving killers of White victims are more likely to progress to a penalty trial than cases involving killers of African-American victims."
• Death without Justice: A Guide for Examining the Administration of the Death Penalty in the United States, [PDF] ABA Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities. June, 2001.
• Illusion of Control: "Consensual" executions, the impending death of Timothy McVeigh, and the brutalizing futility of capital punishment, [PDF] Amnesty International. June, 2001.
• How Mistaken and Perjured Eyewitness Identification Testimony Put 46 Innocent Americans on Death Row, Northwestern University School of Law. May, 2001.
• Race and the Death Penalty in North Carolina An Empirical Analysis: 1993-1997, The Common Sense Foundation. April, 2001.
• Beyond Reason: The Death Penalty and Offenders with Mental Retardation, Human Rights Watch. March, 2001.
• Dying Twice: Conditions on New York's Death Row, [PDF] Association of the Bar of the City of New York. 2001.
• The Death Penalty in 2000: Year End Report, Death Penalty Information Center & Justice Project. December, 2000.
• Capital Punishment, 1999 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2000.
• A State of Denial: Texas Justice and the Death Penalty, The Texas Defender Service. October, 2000.
• Survey of the Federal Death Penalty System Department of Justice. September, 2000.
• Sentenced to Death: A Report on Washington Supreme Court Rulings In Capital Cases, [PDF] ACLU of Washington. August, 2000.
• Worlds Apart Violations of the Rights of Foreign Nationals on Death Row - Cases of Europeans, Amnesty International. July, 2000.
• A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, [PDF] James S. Liebman, Jeffrey Fagan & Valerie West. June, 2000.
• Capital Punishment 1998 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 1999. "Eighteen States executed 68 prisoners during 1998 -- eighty-nine executed so far this year"
• International Perspectives on the Death Penalty: A Costly Isolation for the U.S., Death Penalty Information Center. October, 1999.
• On the wrong side of history: Children and the death penalty in the USA, Amnesty International. October, 1998.
• The Death Penalty in Black & White: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Decides, Death Penalty Information Center. June, 1998.
• Innocence and the Death Penalty: The Increasing Danger of Executing the Innocent, Death Penalty Information Center. July, 1997.
• Killing for Votes: The Dangers of Politicizing the Death Penalty Process, Death Penalty Information Center. October, 1996.
• Twenty Years of Capital Punishment: A Re-evaluation, Death Penalty Information Center. June, 1996.
• Capital Punishment on the 25th Anniversary of Furman v. Georgia [PDF] Southern Center for Human Rights. June, 1996.
• With Justice for Few: The Growing Crisis in Death Penalty Representation|, Death Penalty Information Center. October, 1995.
• A World Leader in Executing Juveniles Human Rights Watch. March, 1995.
• On the Front Line: Law Enforcement Views on the Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center. 1995.
• Discrimination, Death and Denial: The Tolerance of Racial Discrimination in Infliction of the Death Penalty, [PDF] Stephen B. Bright. 1995.
• The future of the death penalty in the U.S.: A Texas-sized crisis, Death Penalty Information Center. May, 1994.
• Racial Disparities: in Federal Death Penalty Prosecutions 1988-1994|, Death Penalty Information Center. 1994.
• Innocence and the Death Penalty: Assessing the Danger of Mistaken Executions, Death Penalty Information Center. October, 1993.
• Sentencing for Life: Americans Embrace Alternatives to the Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center. 1993.
• Millions Misspent: What Politicians Don't Say About the High Costs of the Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center. October, 1992.
• Justice on the Cheap: The Philadelphia Story, Death Penalty Information Center. May, 1992. (comparing expenditures for death penalty defense with other PA counties)
• Killing Justice: Government Misconduct and the Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center. March, 1992.
• Buckle of the Death Belt: The Death Penalty in Microcosm (Chattahoochee Judicial District), Death Penalty Information Center. 1991. (racial discrimination in one region of Georgia)
• Death Penalty Sentencing: Research Indicates Pattern of Racial Disparities, [PDF] Government Accountability Office. February, 1990. "Our synthesis of the 28 studies shows a pattern of evidence indicating racial disparities in the charging, sentencing, and imposition of the death penalty...."

Education

• Education and Public Safety Policy Brief Justice Policy Institute. August, 2007. "Graduation rates were associated with positive public safety outcomes. Researchers have found that a 5 percent increase in male high school graduation rates would produce an annual savings of almost $5 billion in crime-related expenses."
• Current Issues in Correctional Education: A Compilation and Discussion, [PDF] Council of Advancement of Adult Literacy. February, 2004.
• Education and Incarceration [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. August, 2003.
• Spending More on Prisons than Higher Education [PDF] Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation. 2003. (has official and inflation adjusted comparison from FY 1968 to 2004)
• Education not Incarceration [PDF] Education Not Incarceration. 2003. (California Coalition of Teachers, Students, Parents and Citizens)
• Cellblocks or Classrooms?: The Funding of Higher Education and Corrections and Its Impact on African American Men, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. August, 2002. "State spending on prisons grows at 6 times the rate of higher education"
• Education vs. Incarceration: A Mississippi case study, [PDF] Grassroots Leadership. May, 2002.
• Impact of Educational Achievement of Inmates in the Windham School District on Post-Release Employment, [PDF] Criminal Justice Policy Council (Texas). June, 2000. (Windham District is the Texas prison system)
• Educational Achievement of Inmates in the Windham School District [PDF] Criminal Justice Policy Council (Texas). April, 2000. (Windham District is the Texas prison system)
• New York State of Mind?: Higher Education vs. Prison Funding in the Empire State, 1988-1998, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. December, 1998.
• Class Dismissed: Higher Education vs. Corrections During the Wilson Years, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. September, 1998. (California)
• U.S. Prison Spending Increases Faster than College Funding 1977-1995 [Website] ABC News. July, 1998. (Interactive state atlas)
• Is Maryland's System of Higher Education Suffering Because of Prison Expenditures?, Justice Policy Institute. March, 1998.
• Trading Classrooms for Cellblocks: Destructive Policies Eroding DC Communities, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. March, 1997.
• From Classrooms to Cellblocks: A National Perspective [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. February, 1997.
• From Classrooms to Cell-blocks: How Prison Building Affects Higher Education and African American Enrollment,, Justice Policy Institute. October, 1996. (California)

Felon Disenfranchisement

• Phantom constituents in the Empire State: How outdated Census Bureau methodology burdens New York counties, Prison Policy Initiative. July, 2007.
• Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in The United States Sentencing Project. April, 2007. "Overview of felony disenfranchisement policy and implications, includes state-by-state table illustrating the categories of persons disenfranchised due to a felony conviction."
• Felony Disenfranchisement in Connecticut [PDF] Sentencing Project. October, 2006.
• A Decade of Reform: Felony Disenfranchisement Policy in the United States, [PDF] Sentencing Project. October, 2006.
• Felony Disenfranchisement in the Commonwealth of Kentucky [PDF] League of Women Voters of Kentucky. October, 2006. "Kentucky has the highest African American disenfranchisement rate in the country with nearly one of every 4 African Americans ineligible to vote. This rate is nearly triple the national African American disenfranchisement rate."
• Briefing Sheet on Felon Disenfranchisement [PDF] Sentencing Project. August, 2006. (frequently updated)
• Losing the Right to Vote: Perceptions of Permanent Disenfranchisement and the Civil Rights Restoration Application Process in Kentucky, [PDF] Sentencing Project, Elizabeth A. Wahler. April, 2006.
• Why the Census Bureau can and must start collecting the home addresses of incarcerated people, Prison Policy Initiative. February, 2006. "Counting prisoners as residents of the prison location causes unexpected distortions in Census data for rural communities and creates significant burdens on state and local legislative data users who rely on the Census for redistricting purposes."
• A 'Crazy-Quilt' of Tiny Pieces: State and Local Administration of American Criminal Disenfranchisement Law, [PDF] Alec Ewald, Sentencing Project. November, 2005.
• Studies of Voting Behavior and Felony Disenfranchisement Among Individuals in the Criminal Justice System in New York, Connecticut, and Ohio, [PDF] Sentencing Project. September, 2005. (Prisoners with felony convictions "often believed that their criminal justice involvement still disenfranchised them, even though the majority of those persons we interviewed were eligible to vote at the time.")
• Prisoners of the Census: Electoral and Financial Consequences of Counting Prisoners Where They Go, Not Where They Come From, [PDF] Eric Lotke and Prison Policy Initiative. April, 2005.
• Issue Brief on the Impact of Incarceration & Reentry: Rhode Island's Shrinking Black Electorate, [PDF] Rhode Island Right to Vote Campaign. February, 2005.
• Barred for Life: Voting Rights Restoration in Permanent Disenfranchisement States, [PDF] Sentencing Project. January, 2005.
• Taxation Without Representation: Why Rhode Island needs to restore voting rights to people with felony convictions living in our communities, [PDF] Rhode Island Right to Vote Campaign. 2005.
• Importing Constituents: Prisoners and Political Clout in Montana, Prison Policy Initiative. December, 2004.
• Importing Constituents: Prisoners and Political Clout in Nevada, Prison Policy Initiative and Progressive Leadership Alliance of Nevada. December, 2004.
• Triple-Decker Disenfranchisement: First-Person Accounts of Losing the Right to Vote among Poor, Homeless Americans with a Felony Conviction, [PDF] Sentencing Project. November, 2004.
• Importing Constituents: Prisoners and Political Clout in Texas, Prison Policy Initiative. November, 2004.
• No Second Chance: People with Criminal Records Denied Access to Public Housing, Human Rights Watch. November, 2004.
• Purged! How Flawed and Inconsistent Voting Systems Could Deprive Millions of Americans of the Right to Vote, [PDF] ACLU. October, 2004.
• Jim Crow in Massachusetts? Prisoner disenfranchisement, Prison Policy Initiative. October, 2004.
• Actual Constituents: Students and Political Clout in New York, Prison Policy Initiative. October, 2004. (how students are counted in the Census, why that makes sense (as opposed to how prisoners are counted) and why it makes no sense at all for some counties to discourage students from voting locally)
• The Right to Vote: The Campaign to Restore the Voting Rights of Persons Convicted of a Felony and Sentenced to Probation in Connecticut, [PDF] DemocracyWorks. September, 2004.
• The 50-State Report on Re-Enfranchisement: A Guide to Restoring Your Right to Vote, [PDF] Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights. September, 2004.
• Political Punishment: The Consequences of Felon Disenfranchisement for Rhode Island Communities, [PDF] Rhode Island Family Life Center. September, 2004.
• The Vanishing Black Electorate: Felony Disenfranchisement In Atlanta, Georgia, [PDF] Sentencing Project. September, 2004.
• The Disenfranchisement Of The Re-Enfranchised: How Confusion Over Felon Voter Eligibility in Ohio Keeps Qualified Ex-Offender Voters From the Polls, [PDF] Prison Reform Advocacy Center. August, 2004.
• Importing Constituents: Prisoners and Political Clout in Ohio, Prison Policy Initiative. July, 2004.
• Too big to ignore: How counting people in prisons distorted Census 2000, Prison Policy Initiative. April, 2004.
• Felony Disenfranchisement Rates for Women [PDF] Sentencing Project. March, 2004.
• Prisoners of the Census Miscounting prisoners undercounts democracy, [Website] Prison Policy Initiative. March, 2004.
• Punishing at the Polls: The Case Against Disenfranchising Citizens with Felony Convictions, [PDF] Alec Ewald, Demos. December, 2003.
• Diminished Voting Power in the Latino Community The Impact of Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in Ten Targeted States, [PDF] MALDEF. December, 2003.
• Legislative Changes on Felony Disenfranchisement, 1996-2003 [PDF] Sentencing Project. September, 2003.
• Incarceration and Enfranchisement: International Practices, Impact and Recommendations for Reform, [PDF] Brandon Rottinghaus, International Foundation for Election Systems. June, 2003.
• Disenfranchised Veterans in the United States [PDF] Sentencing Project. June, 2003.
• The Partisan Politics of Ex-Felon Disenfranchisement Laws (excepts), [PDF] Jason Belmont Conn. May, 2003.
• Jail-based voter registration campaigns [PDF] Sentencing Project. May, 2003.
• State-Based Advocacy on Felony Disenfranchisement [PDF] Sentencing Project. February, 2003.
• Democratic Contraction: Political Consequences of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States, [PDF] Profs. Uggen and Manza. November, 2002.
• Impact of Recent Legal Changes in Felon Voting Rights in Five States [PDF] Profs Uggen and Manza. October, 2002. (Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Mexico and Texas)
• Summary of Changes to State Felon Disenfranchisement Laws, 1865-2003, [PDF] Profs. Uggen and Manza. September, 2002.
• Re-Enfranchisement! A guide for individual restoration of voting rights in states that permanently disenfranchise former felons, [PDF] Advancement Project. September, 2002.
• Importing Constituents: Prisoners and Political Clout in New York, Prison Policy Initiative. April, 2002. (Study of the effect of counting urban prisoners as rural residents for purposes of state legislative redistricting)
• Justice Denied: How felony disenfranchisement laws undermine democracy, [PDF] Americans for Democratic Action Education Fund. March, 2002.
• Criminal Disenfranchisement in Minnesota [PDF] Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law 2002. January, 2002.
• Regaining the Vote: An Assessment of Activity Relating to Felon Disenfranchisement Laws, [PDF] Sentencing Project. January, 2000.
• Losing the Vote '98 Sentencing Project & Human Rights Watch. October, 1998.
• Felon Disenfranchisement: Pennsylvania's Sinister Face of Vote Dilution, Jon E. Yount. March, 1998.
• Civil Disabilities of Convicted Felons: A State-by-State Survey, [PDF] Office of the Pardon Attorney. October, 1996.

General

• Phantom Constituents in Tennessee's Boards of County Commissioners Prison Policy Initiative; Peter Wagner and JooHye DellaRocco. February, 2008. "[This report] identifies 10 Tennessee counties in which the use of flawed Census data to draw county commissioner districts has created substantial inequities in political power within the counties."
• Report to U.S. Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination that U.S. Census practices dilute votes of minority populationson, Demos and Prison Policy Initiative. December, 2007. (A report to the Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in Geneva on racially discriminatory redistricting practices violating Article 5 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.)
• No Easy Answers: Sex Offender Laws in the US Human Rights Watch. September, 2007. "The evidence is overwhelming, as detailed in this report, that these laws cause great harm to the people subject to them. On the other hand, proponents of these laws are not able to point to convincing evidence of public safety gains from them."
• Resources of the Prosecution and Indigent Defense Functions in Tennessee The Spangenberg Group for The Tennessee Justice Project. June, 2007. "[I]ndigent prosecution funding is between two and two-and-a-half times greater than indigent defense funding."
• State Funding for Corrections in FY 2006 and FY 2007 National Conference of State Legislatures. May, 2007. "Nationally, FY 2006 general fund corrections spending grew 10 percent above FY 2005 levels."
• The Collateral Effects of Incarceration on Fathers, Families, and Communities, [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. April, 2006. "Incarcerating large numbers of men from one community is seen as a threat to both individual and community economic stability."
• Children of Incarcerated Parents [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. January, 2006. "Results indicate that children and caregivers often had limited support systems, faced social isolation and encountered barriers with the criminal justice system and correctional institutions."
• Reforming California's Youth and Adult Correctional System Corrections Independent Review Panel. July, 2004.
• ABA Justice Kennedy Commission Recommendations [Website] American Bar Association. June, 2004.
• Strengthening Public Safety, Increasing Accountability, and Instituting Fiscal Responsibility in the Department of Correction, [PDF] Governor's Commission on Corrections Reform. June, 2004. (Massachusetts, the Harshbarger Commission)
• Prison Policy Initiative Atlas [Website] Prison Policy Initiative. February, 2004. (Maps of disenfranchisement, death penalty, incarceration, prison construction and more in the U.S. and internationally)
• The Prison Index: Taking the Pulse of the Crime Control Industry, Prison Policy Initiative and Western Prison Project. March, 2003.
• Crime and Justice Atlas 2001 Update [PDF] U.S. Department of Justice. 2001.
• Crime and Justice Atlas 2000 [PDF] U.S. Department of Justice. June, 2000.

Gun Control

• Survey of State Procedures Related to Firearm Transfers, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2006. "The report summarizes issues about State procedures, including persons prohibited from purchasing firearms, restoration of rights of purchase to prohibited persons, permits, prohibited firearms, waiting periods, fees, and appeals."
• Background Checks for Firearm Transfers, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2006. "The Firearm Inquiry Statistics Program is an ongoing data collection effort focusing on the procedures and statistics related to background checks in selected States."
• Background Checks for Firearm Transfers, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2005.
• Survey of State Procedures Related to Firearm Sales, Midyear 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2005.
• Background Checks for Firearm Transfers, 2003: Trends for the Permanent Brady Period, 1999-2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2004.
• Background Checks for Firearm Transfer, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2003.
• Weapon Use and Violent Crime, 1993-2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2003.
• Survey of State Procedures Related to Firearm Sales, Midyear 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2003.
• Background Checks for Firearm Transfers, 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2002.
• Survey of State Procedures Related to Firearm Sales, Midyear 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2002.
• Firearm Use by Offenders Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2001. "18% of state prisoners committed their crimes while armed"(Topics of this BJS Special Report include types of firearms used, characteristics of inmates using firearms, why and where inmates used their firearms, and where they obtained their firearms)
• Background Checks for Firearm Transfers, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2001.
• Firearm Injury and Death from Crime, 1993-97, Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2000. "Firearms assault injuries and murders fell between 1993 and 1997"
• Federal Firearm Offenders, 1992-98: With Preliminary Data for 1999, Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2000.
• Presale Handgun Checks, the Brady Interim Period, 1994-98 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 1999.
• Firearm Injury from Crime: Firearms, Crime, and Criminal Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1996.
• Weapons Offenses and Offenders--Firearms, Crime, and Criminal Justice: Selected Findings, Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 1995.
• Guns Used in Crime: Firearms, Crime, and Criminal Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 1995.
• Federal Firearms-Related Offenses: Federal Offenses and Offenders, Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 1995. (Notes the association between firearms involvement and an increased severity of sentence)
• Guns and Crime: Handgun Victimization, Firearm Self-Defense, and Firearm Theft, Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1994.
• Firearms and Crimes of Violence Bureau of Justice Statistics. February, 1994. "trends in firearm use in serious violent crime, based on FBI data on homicide, BJS data on victimization and inmate firearm use, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data on firearm ownership by high school students."

Immigration Detainees

• Foreign nationals in Michigan prisons: examining the costs, [PDF] Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending. April, 2006. "Michigan prisons currently house hundreds of people who are citizens of other countries at a cost of $30,000 each."
• Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor... A Report on Due Process Issues in the Handling of Immigration Detainees in Massachusetts, [PDF] Detention Working Group - Massachusetts Chapter of the National Lawyers Guild. July, 2005.
• USA: Unaccompanied Children in Immigration Detention, [PDF] Amnesty International. June, 2003.
• Beyond Locked Doors: Abuse of Refugee Women at the Krome Detention Facility, [PDF] Women's Commission for Refugee Women & Children. October, 2002.
• Immigration Offenders in the Federal Criminal Justice System, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2002. "immigration law prosecutions double, 1996-2000"
• Prison Guard or Parent? INS Treatment of Unaccompanied Refugee Children, [PDF] Women's Commission for Refugee Women & Children. May, 2002.
• Detained and Deprived of Rights: Children in the Custody of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Human Rights Watch. December, 1998.
• Protecting the Rights of Children: The Need for U.S. Children's Asylum Guidelines, [PDF] Women's Commission for Refugee Women & Children. December, 1998.
• Locked Away: Immigration Detainees in Jails in the United States, Human Rights Watch. September, 1998.
• Forgotten Prisoners: A Follow-Up Report on Refugee Women Incarcerated in York County, Pennsylvania, [PDF] Women's Commission for Refugee Women & Children. July, 1998.
• Liberty Denied: Women Seeking Asylum Imprisoned in the United States, [PDF] Women's Commission for Refugee Women & Children. April, 1997.
• Slipping through the cracks: Unaccompanied Children Detained by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Human Rights Watch. April, 1997.

Incarceration Rates Growth Causes

• Jail Inmates at Midyear 2007 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2008. "The total rated capacity of local jails at midyear 2007 reached 813,502 beds, up from an estimated 677,787 beds at midyear 2000."
• Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2008. "Between January and June 2007, the prison population increased by 1.6% (or 24,919 prisoners), compared to a 2% increase during the first six months of 2006."
• One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008, The Pew Center on the States. February, 2008. "[F]or the first time in history, more than one in every 100 adults in America are in jail or prison-a fact that significantly impacts state budgets without delivering a clear return on public safety."
• The State of Sentencing 2007: Developments in Policy and Practice, The Sentencing Project. January, 2008. "Confronted with the high cost of continued prison growth, policymakers in 18 states took steps during 2007 to review the effectiveness of their criminal justice systems or institute reforms to limit recidivism and sentence lengths..."
• Prisoners in 2006 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2007. "During 2006 the number of women in prison increased by 4.5%, reaching 112,498 prisoners."
• Housing and Public Safety Justice Policy Institute. November, 2007. "For populations who are the most at-risk for criminal justice system involvement, supportive or affordable housing has been shown to be a cost effective public investment."
• Unlocking America: Why and How to Reduce America's Prison Population, [PDF] JFA Institute. November, 2007. "Not only are our lengths of imprisonment signifi cantly longer than they were in earlier periods in our penal history, but they are considerably longer than in most Western nations."
• Justice, Where Art Thou? A Framework for the Future, Council on Crime and Justice. October, 2007. (This report analysies past and current incarceration trends in Minnesotra and makes projection through the year 2030.)
• Felony Sentences in State Courts, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2007. "Between 1994 and 2004, the number of felony convictions in State courts increased 24%."
• Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2006 Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2007. "For the 12 months ending June 30, 2006, State systems reported a larger increase than the Federal system in the number of inmates housed in private prisons."
• Changing Direction? State Sentencing Reforms 2004-2006, [PDF] The Sentencing Project. March, 2007. "The report... identifies that the most popular approach for reducing prison crowding -- implemented by 13 states -- was the diversion of low-level drug offenders from prison to drug treatment programs."
• Addressing Key Criminal Justice Issues in the 21st Century [PDF] The Correctional Association of New York. February, 2007. "This special report presents some of our top reform proposals for the state's new administration to consider and the benefits they will provide for people caught up in the criminal justice system and for society as a whole."
• The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men, American Immigration Law Foundation. February, 2007. "[F]or every ethnic group without exception, incarceration rates among young men are lowest for immigrants, even those who are the least educated."
• Public Safety, Public Spending: Forecasting America's Prison Population 2007-2011, [PDF] Public Safety Performance Project of The Pew Charitable Trusts. February, 2007. "This report provides forecasts for prison populations and incarceration rates for all 50 states."
• Reconsidering Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime, Vera Institute of Justice. January, 2007. "An increase in the number of police per capita, a reduction in unemployment, and increases in real wage rates and education have all been shown to be associated with lower rates of crime."("Current research on the relationship between incarceration and crime provides confusing and even contradictory guidance for policymakers." This report tries to make sense of the findings, and how to use them in creating policy.)
• Solving California's Corrections Crisis: Time is Running Out, Milton Marks. January, 2007. "California's correctional system is in a tailspin that threatens public safety and raises the risk of fiscal disaster."(An overview of the current state of the California corrections system, with recommendations.)
• Race and Incarceration in Delaware: A Preliminary Consideration, [PDF] Thomas P. Eichler, Published by Delaware Center for Justice and Metropolitan Wilmington Urban League. 2007. "Delaware’s criminal justice system treats Blacks differently and far less favorably than similarly situated Whites. The data shows that the racial disparities in the criminal justice system are increasing."
• The Criminal Justice System in Washington State: Incarceration Rates, Taxpayer Costs, Crime Rates, and Prison Economics, Washington State Institute for Public Policy. 2007. (In Washington state increasing the rate of incarceration reduces crime rates, however because of diminishing returns, the proportional decrease in crime is much lower now than it was in the 1980's.)
• Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2006. "In 2005 the Nation's parole population grew 1.6%. This was an increase of 12,556 parolees during the year."
• Prisoners in 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2006. "State prisons were operating between 1% below and 14% above capacity; Federal prisons were operating at 34% above capacity."
• Evidence-Based Public Policy Options to Reduce Future Prison Construction, Criminal Justice Costs, and Crime Rates, Washington State Institute for Public Policy. October, 2006. "We find that some evidence-based programs can reduce crime, but others cannot. Per dollar of spending, several of the successful programs produce favorable returns on investment."
• 2006 Crime and Justice Index [PDF] Chicago Metropolis 2020. October, 2006. "This Index presents data on crime trends and justice patterns in the region over time. It also explores specific policy issues and some promising practices intended to address seemingly intractable problems in the criminal justice systems."
• When "life" did not mean life A Historical Analysis of Life Sentences Imposed in Michigan Since 1900, [PDF] Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending. September, 2006. "The historical record makes it indisputably clear that a life sentence in Michigan did not always mean "no release.""
• Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population [PDF] Oklahoma Criminal Justice Resource Center. September, 2006. "Nearly one in seven adult males and one in every 30 adult females in Oklahoma have either been to prison or supervised on probation."
• Task Force on California Prison Crowding [PDF] National Council on Crime and Delinquency. August, 2006. "Essential services, procedures, and structures designed to reduce recidivism, break the intergenerational cycle of violence, and save taxpayer dollars for more positive expenditures will reduc[e] crime in our communities and enhanc[e] public safety."
• Recent Trends in New Hampshire's Prison Population [PDF] New Hampshire Center for Public Policy Studies. June, 2006. "Parole revocation is the main factor driving prison admissions, and most revocations are not due to new crimes. In 2002... 66 percent were for technical violations."
• Strengthening Criminal Justice System Practices in Chemung County, NY [PDF] Center for Governmental Research, Inc.. May, 2006. "[A]bout 125 defendants a year are released from jail after 45 days due to lack of timely prosecution. If the jail time for these individuals could be cut in half, almost 8 fewer persons would need to be housed in jail every night."("Unsentenced inmates fueled growth in the average jail population between 2001 and 2005: up by 51%, while the overall daily jail population grew 31%.")
• Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005 Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2006.
• Alabama Sentencing Commission 2006 Report [PDF] Alabama Sentencing Commission. January, 2006. "Of Alabama's inmate population, almost 1 out of 3 inmates are sentenced as an habitual offender."
• Reducing Racial Disparity While Enhancing Public Safety: Key Findings and Recommendations, [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. 2006. "The racial disparity in Minnesota's justice system is exceptionally high compared to other states. From arrest to imprisonment, the disparity is over twice the national average."
• Probation and Parole in the United States, 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2005.
• Prisoners in 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2005.
• Hennepin County Disproportionate Minority Contact Study Examining Extended Jurisdiction Juvenile and Adult Certification Cases, [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. October, 2005. "[R]ace was not significant when considering the disposition of Extended Jurisdiction Juvenile or Adult Certification motioning. Instead, weapons and firearms appear to be the most influential factor in both motioning and dispositions."
• Searching for Justice: American Indian Perspectives on Disparities in Minnesota's Criminal Justice System, [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. August, 2005. "This report indicates that in one county, while American Indians make up only 11.5% of the population, they account for over 50% of the arrest rates."
• Jails in Indian Country, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2005.
• Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2004 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2005.
• California Corrections at the Crossroads [PDF] National Council on Crime and Delinquency. March, 2005. "California was once a leader in innovative corrections legislation and programming. However... the last twenty years... have left California with a huge and dysfunctional criminal justice system in woeful need of reform."
• Tipping Point: Maryland's Overuse of incarceration and the impact on Public Safety, Justice Policy Institute. March, 2005.
• The Federal Prison Population: A Statistical Analysis, [PDF] Sentencing Project. January, 2005.
• Adult and Juvenile Correctional Population Projections Fiscal Years 2005-2010, [PDF] Legislative Budget Board. January, 2005. (Texas prison population projections: the adult prison population is projected to increase, while probation population decreases, in juvenile populations both groups projected to grow.)
• Felony Sentences in State Courts, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2004.
• Prisoners in 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2004.
• Difficult times in Kentucky corrections: Aftershocks of a "tough on crime" philosophy, Robert G. Lawson. November, 2004.
• Racial Divide: California's 3 Strikes Law, Justice Policy Institute. October, 2004.
• 3 Strikes & You're Out: An examination of 3-Strike Laws 10 years after their Enactment, Justice Policy Institute. September, 2004.
• No way out Michigan's parole board redefines the meaning of "life", [PDF] Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending. September, 2004. (When judges imposed a life sentence, they assumed that the prisoner would be parolled in 10-15 years, but in the 1990's the parol board started denying parol, in effect changing the sentence, contributing to overcrowding and increasing costs of prisons.)
• Swing States: Crime, Prisons and the Future of the Nation, Justice Policy Institute. August, 2004.
• Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2004.
• Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2004.
• The Meaning of "Life": Long Prison Sentences in Context, Sentencing Project. May, 2004.
• Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2003 Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2004.
• Still Striking Out: Ten Years of California's Three Strikes, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. March, 2004.
• Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission Annual Report 2003, [PDF] Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission. March, 2004. (An increasing number of people on probation or parole who have not committed new crimes are being sent to prison for breaking their release conditions)
• Building Bridges: From Conviction to Employment - One Year Later [PDF] Council of State Governments. February, 2004. (contains detailed maps of high incarceration areas in Hartford and New Haven Connecticut)
• Options for Policymakers Considering a Justice Reinvestment Initiative in Louisiana, [PDF] Council of State Governments. January, 2004.
• The high cost of denying parole: an analysis of prisoners eligible for release, [PDF] Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending. November, 2003. "Although other important factors exist, the single biggest reason for prison growth has been changed parole practices. Far more people who have served their minimum sentences and are, by law, eligible for release, are being denied parole."
• Jails in Indian Country, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2003.
• Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001, Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2003.
• Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2003.
• Probation and Parole in the United States, 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2003.
• Prisoners in 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2003.
• New Prison Statistics: Nation's Use of Incarceration On the Rise Again, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. July, 2003.
• U.S. Prison Populations Trends and Implications, [PDF] Sentencing Project. May, 2003.
• Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2002 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2003.
• Deep Impact: Quantifying the Effect of Prison Expansion in the South, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. April, 2003.
• Mandatory minimum sentencing is unfair, ineffective, and expensive Common Sense Foundation. April, 2003. (North Carolina)
• Texas Tough: 3 Years Later, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. April, 2003. "After a three-year-decline in the prison population, Texas? prison population may once again be on the rise"
• Education and Correctional Populations Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2003. "compares educational attainment of correctional populations to the general population"
• Building Bridges: From Conviction to Employment A Proposal to Reinvest Corrections Savings in an Employment Initiative, [PDF] Council of State Governments. January, 2003.
• Probation and Parole in the United States, 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2002. (See Trends in State Parole 1990-2000 for more detail and explanations about this potentially misleading report)
• Analysis of recent Justice Department report: Prisoners in 2001, [PDF] Sentencing Project. July, 2002.
• Prisoners in 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2002. "State prison population drops in second half of 2001-Federal inmate growth continues"
• Jails in Indian Country, 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2002. "At midyear 2001, jails in Indian country supervised 2,030 persons"
• The Influences of Truth-in-Sentencing Reforms on Changes in States' Sentencing Practices and Prison Population, Urban Institute. April, 2002.
• Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2002.
• Analysis of new Justice Department report, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001, [PDF] Sentencing Project. April, 2002.
• New Justice Department Study:| As Some State Prison Populations Decline, Federal Prison Population Grows, Justice Policy Institute. April, 2002. "While Some State Prison Populations Decline, Federal Lock-up Boom Continues As States Find Alternatives for Nonviolent and Drug Offenders, Federal Imprisonment of Non-Citizens and Drug Offenders Grows"
• Criminal Justice and Health and Human Services: An Exploration of Overlapping Needs, Resources, and Interests in Brooklyn Neighborhoods, [PDF] Urban Institute. January, 2002. (by Eric Cadora)
• Criminal Offender Statistics [Website] Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2002. (Frequently updated with key statistics from their other publications)
• African American Males in the Criminal Justice System [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. 2002. "In 2000, 37.2% of the state's prisoners were African American. By comparison only 3.5% of the population of Minnesota was African American."
• Felony Sentences in State Courts, 1998 Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2001. "In 1998 federal and state courts convicted 978,211 adults of a felony."
• A Tale of Two Jurisdictions: Youth Crime and Detention Rates in Maryland & the District of Columbia, Building Blocks for Youth. October, 2001.
• Census of Jails 1999 Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2001. "At midyear 1999 the Nation's jails held 605,943 inmates, up 32% since the last census in 1993."
• Prisoner Statistics, 2000 England and Wales [PDF] Home office. August, 2001.
• Nations' Incarcerated Population Went Up, Not Down, in 1999-2000 Justice Policy Institute. August, 2001.
• New prison population figures show slowing of growth but uncertain trends [PDF] Sentencing Project. August, 2001.
• Prisoners in 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2001.
• Aging Behind Bars: Three Strikes, Seven Years Later, [PDF] Sentencing Project. August, 2001.
• U.S. continues to be world leader in rate of incarceration [PDF] Sentencing Project. August, 2001.
• Probation and Parole in the United States, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2001. "National correctional population reaches new high -- Grows by 117,400 during 2000 to total 6.5 million adults"
• Jails in Indian Country, 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2001.
• MotherJones Interactive Prison Atlas [Website] Mother Jones. July, 2001. (Click on a state to see how much its incarceration rate has grown, how its spending on prisons and higher education has changed, what proportion of its prisoners are drug offenders, and the racial disparity between its general and prison populations.)
• Off Balance: Youth, Race & Crime in the News Building Blocks for Youth. April, 2001.
• Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2000 Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 2001.
• Analysis of BJS June 30, 2000 statistics [PDF] Sentencing Project. March, 2001.
• Too Little Too Late: President Clinton's Prison Legacy, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. February, 2001.
• The Expanding Federal Prison Population [PDF] Sentencing Project. 2001.
• Responsibility, Rehabilitation, and Restoration: A Catholic Perspective on Crime and Criminal Justice, [PDF] Catholic Bishops of the United States. November, 2000.
• Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2000.
• Texas Tough? An Analysis of Incarceration and Crime Trends in The Lone Star State, Justice Policy Institute. October, 2000.
• Diminishing Returns: Crime and Incarceration in the 1990s, [PDF] Sentencing Project. September, 2000.
• The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. May, 2000.
• State and Federal Prisoners: Profiles of Inmate Characteristics in 1991 and 1997, [PDF] General Accounting Office. May, 2000.
• Veterans in Prison and Jail Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2000. "Male military veterans are incarcerated at less than half the rate of non-veterans"
• Shattering "Broken Windo