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Appendix:
States of Incarceration: The Global Context 2018

This report and the accompanying data for all people have been updated with a new version for 2021.


All people and for women

All people Women
State Combined prison and local jail Youth Indian Country Jails Civil Commitment Pre-trial Evaluation Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity Incompetent to Stand Trial Federal Immigration Military Total Federal origin percentage State population Incarceration rate Number in prisons/jails 2015 Youth, 2015 Jails in Indian Country, midyear 2016, adult and youth Civil Commitment, sex Pretrial Eval NGRI IST Federal ICE Military Total State population, women, yearend 2015 estimate Incarceration rate, women
Alabama 40,900 849 171 4,143 n/a n/a 46,063 1.84% 4,867,646 946 4,300 108 267 4,675 2,504,558 187
Alaska 4,400 207 3 1 1 8 495 n/a n/a 5,115 0.22% 740,659 691 600 24 1 32 657 352,677 186
Arizona 55,000 717 740 82 82 6 4,458 n/a n/a61,085 1.98% 6,962,456 877 5,800 120 142 287 6,349 3,459,129 184
Arkansas 24,000 555 9 123 55 2,229 n/a n/a 26,971 0.99% 2,996,255 900 2,800 66 143 3,009 1,517,692 198
California 202,700 6,726 945 1,369 1,256 15,942 n/a n/a 228,938 7.08% 39,416,565 581 15,100 1,179 1,026 17,305 19,691,092 88
Colorado 32,100 999 62 29 121 164 1,891 n/a n/a 35,366 0.84% 5,568,630 635 3,800 135 17 122 4,074 2,732,980 149
Connecticut 15,000 141 118 52 1,464 n/a n/a 16,775 0.65% 3,587,935 468 1,100 18 94 1,212 1,833,168 66
Delaware 6,600 162 6 7 14 450 n/a n/a 7,239 0.20% 957,319 756 500 15 29 544 489,178 111
District of Columbia 1,8001 105 57 102 25 5,8542 n/a n/a 7,943 2.60% 689,154 1,153 100 15 377 492 355,141 139
Florida 149,800 2,853 588 462 1,062 18,711 n/a n/a 173,476 8.31% 20,820,495 833 15,100 351 1,204 16,655 10,446,798 159
Georgia 91,400 1,110 27 163 213 7,701 n/a n/a 100,614 3.42% 10,371,500 970 8,900 96 496 9,492 5,259,816 181
Hawaii 5,600 51 20 38 75 1,171 n/a n/a 6,955 0.52% 1,428,111 487 700 18 75 793 710,028 112
Idaho 11,300 393 65 1 14 698n/a n/a 12,471 0.31% 1,698,485 734 1,600 72 18 45 1,735 832,080 209
Illinois 60,800 1,524 566 359 301 8,736 n/a n/a 72,286 3.88% 12,818,875 564 4,400 108 562 5,070 6,520,697 78
Indiana 43,200 1,563 9 140 3,152 n/a n/a 48,064 1.40% 6,650,413 723 5,200 282 203 5,685 3,358,725 169
Iowa 13,400 675 138 0 3,603 n/a n/a 17,816 1.60% 3,138,290 568 1,400 90 232 1,722 1,572,799 110
Kansas 17,200 564 262 19 25 46 2,184 n/a n/a 20,300 0.97% 2,910,427 698 1,800 54 141 1,995 1,459,368 137
Kentucky 34,700 510 52 3,355 n/a n/a 38,617 1.49% 4,445,151 869 5,100 96 216 5,412 2,247,395 241
Louisiana 45,400 831 3,040 n/a n/a 49,271 1.35% 4,685,245 1,052 3,600 84 196 3,880 2,388,287 163
Maine 4,100 81 5 38 10 608 n/a n/a 4,842 0.27% 1,333,070 363 500 9 39 548 678,462 81
Maryland 28,400 612 259 232 224 5,607 n/a n/a 35,334 2.49% 6,038,465 585 1,900 78 361 2,339 3,096,807 76
Massachusetts 19,400 426 161 72 17 54 2,049 n/a n/a 22,179 0.91% 6,841,770 324 1,200 54 132 1,386 3,499,946 40
Michigan 56,500 1,554 12 124 85 5,471 n/a n/a 63,746 2.43% 9,947,878 641 4,600 360 1 352 5,313 5,042,256 105
Minnesota 16,300 852 39 716 39 98 2,139 n/a n/a 20,183 0.95% 5,550,828 364 1,600 153 12 138 1,903 2,763,604 69
Mississippi 28,700 243 30 15 12 3 2,004 n/a n/a 31,007 0.89% 2,984,758 1,039 2,300 45 8 129 2,482 1,539,723 161
Missouri 44,300 948 244 4 217 184 6,530 n/a n/a 52,427 2.90% 6,102,354 859 4,900 144 420 5,464 3,097,308 176
Montana 5,700 171 300 5 49 5 1,351 n/a n/a 7,581 0.60% 1,044,575 726 800 39 121 87 1,047 515,307 203
Nebraska 8,800 465 158 1 33 10 1,576 n/a n/a 11,043 0.70% 1,913,840 577 900 138 101 1,139 953,411 120
Nevada 20,200 627 11 12 2 44 1,756 n/a n/a 22,652 0.78% 2,968,647 763 2,300 123 3 113 2,539 1,451,199 175
New Hampshire 4,500 69 1 428 n/a n/a 4,998 0.19% 1,338,905 373 500 27 28 555 672,872 83
New Jersey 32,000 636 486 29 249 100 3,085 n/a n/a 36,585 1.37% 8,992,030 407 2,200 30 198 2,428 4,575,562 53
New Mexico 14,700 363 191 2 35 2,004n/a n/a 17,295 0.89% 2,086,751 829 1,800 63 41 129 2,033 1,050,425 194
New York 74,400 1,386 316 503 290 10,988 n/a n/a 87,883 4.88% 19,842,843 443 4,800 294 707 5,801 10,160,682 57
North Carolina 54,100 468 6 50 151 10,448 n/a n/a 65,223 4.64% 10,215,054 639 5,000 69 672 5,741 5,184,905 111
North Dakota 3,100 144 198 51 1,013 n/a n/a 4,506 0.45% 755,471 596 400 30 77 65 572 368,538 155
Ohio 71,000 2,163 24 266 182 5,359 n/a n/a 78,994 2.38% 11,640,582 679 7,900 255 345 8,500 5,921,931 144
Oklahoma 39,000 552 13 13 66 91 2,634 n/a n/a 42,369 1.17% 3,926,036 1,079 5,300 84 4 170 5,558 1,975,360 281
Oregon 20,700 1,113 36 290 134 1,689 n/a n/a 23,962 0.75% 4,114,383 582 2,400 135 16 109 2,660 2,049,351 130
Pennsylvania 82,400 2,826 64 121 15 87 7,250 n/a n/a 92,763 3.22% 12,796,311 725 7,600 339 467 8,406 6,526,921 129
Rhode Island 3,100 198 518 n/a n/a 3,816 0.23% 1,058,603 361 100 24 33 157 543,334 29
South Carolina 32,100 693 189 8 54 166 4,436 n/a n/a 37,646 1.97% 4,992,096 754 2,800 93 285 3,178 2,535,450 125
South Dakota 5,800 228 174 6 1,193 n/a n/a 7,401 0.53% 865,604 855 800 60 55 77 992 427,554 232
Tennessee 48,400 660 29 42 36 7,836 n/a n/a 57,003 3.48% 6,682,694 853 6,500 78 504 7,082 3,393,955 209
Texas 218,500 4,299 264 1 222 889 26,254 n/a n/a 250,429 11.66% 28,104,729 891 22,300 759 1,689 24,748 13,922,406 178
Utah 11,700 453 11 86 1,238 n/a n/a 13,488 0.55% 3,073,077 439 1,600 75 80 1,755 1,500,448 117
Vermont 1,700 27 315 n/a n/a 2,042 0.14% 623,506 328 200 3 20 223 316,576 70
Virginia 57,500 1,227 386 13 267 129 6,237 n/a n/a 65,759 2.77% 8,442,200 779 6,300 144 401 6,845 4,263,330 161
Washington 30,400 921 381 223 15 232 156 2,950 n/a n/a 35,278 1.31% 7,343,339 480 3,400 126 89 190 3,805 3,615,699 105
West Virginia 10,100 567 52 80 1,779 n/a n/a 12,578 0.79% 1,822,247 690 1,400 147 114 1,661 927,908 179
Wisconsin 35,600 762 29 338 1 194 43 2,117 n/a n/a 39,084 0.94% 5,784,200 676 3,100 111 3 136 3,350 2,903,054 115
Wyoming 3,900 177 33 15 11 766 n/a n/a 4,902 0.34% 582,113 842 600 57 10 49 716 286,707 250
American Samoa 189 n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 n/a n/a 189 0.00% 55,519 340 0
Guam 752 n/a n/a n/a n/a 135 n/a n/a 887 0.06% 159,358 557 9
Northern Mariana Islands 262 n/a n/a n/a n/a 23 n/a n/a 285 0.01% 53,883 529 1
Puerto Rico 8,930 n/a n/a n/a n/a 5,967 n/a n/a 14,897 2.65% 3,371,849 442 384
Virgin Islands 669 n/a n/a n/a n/a 180 n/a n/a 849 0.08% 106,405 798 12
Total 1,953,202 48,043 2,540 6,287 870 6,438 6,809 225,210 39,322 1,338 2,290,059 328,309,570 698 189,900 7,297 680 7 14,493 5,729 218,106 163,492,599 133
Combined prison and local jail
Combined population of state prisons and local jails at yearend 2016, including an adjustment to avoid double-counting people under state jurisdiction being held in local jails. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations of the United States, 2016 Appendix Table 1.
Youth
People younger than 21 detained or committed to juvenile residential placement facilities (not adult prisons or jails) because of justice system involvement as of October 28, 2015. The totals reported for states do not match the U.S. total due to 1,593 cases where state of offense was not reported. Source: Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement: 1997-2015 State Comparisons.
Indian Country Jails
Total adults and youth held in jails in Indian country as of June 30, 2016. 5 facilities did not report data, so the totals reported for the states do not match the estimated U.S. total, which imputes data for the missing facilities. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Jails in Indian Country, 2016 Appendix Table 4.
Civil Commitment
People convicted of sexual offenses who are detained or committed in "civil commitment centers" (typically prison-like facilities) under civil commitment laws after their sentences are complete. Source: An annual survey conducted by the Sex Offender Civil Commitment Programs Network, the results of which were shared with the Prison Policy Initiative.
Pre-trial Evaluation
People involuntarily committed by the court to state psychiatric hospitals for evaluation of competency to stand trial. Survey data are only available for 37 states. Source: NRI report, Forensic Patients in State Psychiatric Hospitals, 1999-2016, pages 91-92. Arkansas count for pre-trial evaluation was corrected after consulting with an official in the state's forensic psychiatry program to only include the 9 inpatient evaluations conducted in 2014.
Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity
People involuntarily committed by the court to state psychiatric hospitals after being found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity or Guilty but Mentally Ill. Survey data are only available for 37 states. Source: NRI report, Forensic Patients in State Psychiatric Hospitals, 1999-2016, pages 103-104.
Incompetent to Stand Trial
People involuntarily committed by the court to state psychiatric hospitals for evaluation or restoration services for incompetency to stand trial. Survey data are only available for 37 states. Source: NRI report, Forensic Patients in State Psychiatric Hospitals, 1999-2016, pages 98-99.
Federal
Population under authority of the federal Bureau of Prisons (as of February 15, 2018) or U.S. Marshals Service (average daily population in fiscal year 2016). The combined population of 225,210 was reallocated to the states using a ratio of the state of legal residence for the BOP population as of March 26, 2016, based on a FOIA request. Unlike other categories, this population is based on state of residence rather than jurisdictional authority. Source: Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) Population Statistics and the U.S. Marshals Service 2017 Prisoner Operations Fact Sheet.
Immigration
The average daily population under the custody of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in November 2017. We could not reallocate this population to states of residence as we did with other federal detainees, but included the population in the U.S. total incarceration rate. Source: The National Immigrant Justice Center, "ICE Detention Facilities As Of November 2017."
Military
People under military correctional authority at yearend 2016. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2016 Table 18.
Total
The combined total of all confined populations reported in other columns.
Federal origin percentage
Percentage of people under federal Bureau of Prisons or U.S. Marshals Service authority reporting the given state as their state of legal residence, as of March 26, 2016. This was used to reallocate people listed under BOP and USMS jurisdiction back to the states. Source: FOIA request 2016-05586.
State population
Estimated total state population as of December 31, 2016, used to calculate the incarceration rates. Source: Calculated average of U.S. Census population estimates for July 1, 2016 and July 1, 2017.
Incarceration rate
Number of people confined per 100,000 residents of each state (the national rate is based on the total number of U.S. residents).

Footnotes

  1. The District of Columbia has not operated its own prison system since 2001, when the District's prison population was integrated into the federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) system. This number therefore only represents the local jail population in D.C. People sentenced to prison for violating D.C. code are represented in this table under "Federal" because they are held in federal (BOP) prisons.  ↩

  2. Unlike any of the 50 states, the District of Columbia has not operated its own prison system since 2001. Instead, the District's prison population is integrated into the federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) system. This number therefore includes people sentenced to prison for D.C. code violations in addition to those convicted of violating federal laws.  ↩

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