Research Library

Our mission is to empower activists, journalists, and policymakers to shape effective criminal justice policy, so we go beyond our original reports and analyses to curate a database of virtually all the empirical criminal justice research available online.

Tips: If you know what you are looking for, you may also search the database. We also have an email newsletter (at right)(at bottom) for new research library updates.

  • COVID-19 (80) Research on the pandemic’s impact on prisons and jails
  • Community impact (106) Research on the impact of the criminal legal system on housing, schools, employment, neighborhoods, and more
  • Conditions of confinement (269) Research on prison and jail conditions such as solitary confinement, labor, discipline, food, and more
  • Courts and trials (164) Research on prosecutors, judges, public defense, court caseloads, and more
  • Crime (283) Curated research on crime, crime rates, and victimization
  • Death penalty (154) Information and data on capital punishment and executions
  • Disability (31) Research on the prevalence of, and challenges faced by, people with disabilities in the criminal legal system
  • Drug policy and treatment (177) Research on punishing and treating drug use in the criminal legal system
  • Economics of incarceration (179) Research on the economic drivers and consequences of mass incarceration
  • Education (133) Curated research on education programs in prisons and the school-to-prison pipeline
  • Families (155) Information and data on the criminal legal system’s impacts on families
  • Felony disenfranchisement and voting rights (92) Information about laws barring people from the polls because of criminal convictions
  • General (165) Broad-based research and information about the criminal legal system
  • Gun control (45) Information and data about gun violence, firearms, and gun control policy
  • Health and healthcare (206) Research on access to healthcare, chronic and infectious disease, mortality, and more
  • Immigration (71) Research on the incarceration and detainment of immigrants
  • Incarceration rates and trends (337) Research documenting the growth of prison and jail populations
  • International incarceration (45) Curated research on incarceration trends worldwide, and how they compare to the U.S.
  • Jails (285) Research on jail populations, jail conditions, jail construction, and more
  • LGBTQ (26) Information and data on the mass criminalization and incarceration of LGBTQ+ people
  • Mental health (87) Research on the prevalence and treatment of mental illness in the criminal legal system
  • Policing (271) Information and data on arrests, traffic stops, law enforcement interactions, and more
  • Poverty and wealth (157) Research on fines, fees, debt, and the criminalization of poor people
  • Pretrial detention (126) Research on the costs and outcomes of detaining people before trial
  • Prison gerrymandering (20) Research on prison-based gerrymandering (see also www.prisonersofthecensus.org)
  • Privatization (104) Information and data on how private companies exploit incarcerated people and their families
  • Probation and parole (124) Information about community supervision policies, conditions, violations, and more
  • Public opinion (50) Research on public perceptions of crime, prison, reform, and more
  • Racial and ethnic disparities (183) Research and statistics on racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal legal system
  • Reentry and recidivism (247) Information and research on the challenges and outcomes for people released from incarceration, including collateral consequences
  • Sentencing policy (142) Research on the rise and impact of excessive criminal sentences
  • Sex-related convictions (17) Research about the unique punishment of sex-related crimes through registries, civil commitment, and other means
  • Women and gender (139) Information and data on gender disparities in the criminal legal system
  • Youth and juvenile justice (399) Research about youth in the criminal legal system

Enter one word from the title, author or topic to search the library:

Advanced search options or view entire database by the date added.


Some of the most recently added reports are:

Monday, March 24 2025:

  • Building a Mass Movement for Community-Led Public Safety, Square One Project. May, 2024. "This report examines the political context of [community violence intervention] advocacy...and lays out a framework for how to build a mass movement...that can dramatically reduce gun violence over the long term."
  • Talking turkey about the death penalty: outgoing governors and the president must use their clemency power now, Prison Policy Initiative. November, 2024. "We applaud elected leaders when they use clemency to relieve people of excessive or unnecessary criminal sentences. But too often, they overlook those given the most draconian punishment on the books -- the death penalty."
  • California may take a big step backwards towards more incarceration with Proposition 36, Prison Policy Initiative. October, 2025. "[California's Prop 36, which was approved by voters in the November 2024 elections,] is projected to fully undo hard fought progress made in reducing California's prison population."
  • In Our Backyards: Money Bail in Rural Tennessee, ACLU Tennessee. September, 2021. "From 2000 to 2016, the pretrial incarceration rate increased 163% in the state's 53 rural counties, compared to an increase of only 2% in the state's urban counties."
  • Prison Banned Books Week: Books give incarcerated people access to the world, but tablets are often used to wall them off, Prison Policy Initiative. September, 2024. "When we last looked at the availability of prison tablets in 2019, they were relatively new and rare behind bars. Today, at least 48 prison systems indicate they have tablets or, in the case of Alaska and Nevada, are in the process of implementing them."
  • Mass incarceration is on the ballot, Prison Policy Initiative. September, 2024. "While presidential campaigns get most of the attention...many lesser-known down-ballot races can have a much more dramatic impact on criminal legal system reform in America. This guide focuses on the most common and consequential offices."
  • New, expanded data on Indian country jails show concerning trends extend to tribal lands, Prison Policy Initiative. October, 2024. "Much like other jails across the country, Indian country jail populations are quickly bouncing back from the lows of the COVID-19 pandemic, and this growth has disproportionately impacted women and older adults."

Friday, March 21 2025:

  • From Crisis to Care: Addressing Addiction, Mental Health, and Homelessness Through Health And Supportive Services, Drug Policy Alliance. March, 2025. (This policy brief explains the complex relationships between mental health, drug use, and homelessness, and highlights effective and humane policy solutions that address these issues and create healthier, safer communities.)

Thursday, March 20 2025:

  • Estate to State: Pay-to-Stay Statutes and the Problematic Seizure of Inherited Property, Brittany L. Deitch. October, 2024. "When states seize inherited property to satisfy the costs of incarceration, the states interfere with the decedent's freedom to choose their beneficiaries as well as the beneficiary's freedom to inherit."
  • The Incoherence of Prison Law, Justin Driver & Emma Kaufman. December, 2021. "Exposing the myths that animate prison law yields broader insights about judicial regulation of prisons. This Article explains how outdated tropes have narrowed prisoners' rights and promoted the country's dependence on penal institutions."
  • Medication-Assisted Treatment in Criminal Justice Agencies Affiliated with the CJ-DATS (Criminal Justice-Drug Abuse Treatment Studies): Availability, Barriers & Intentions, Peter D. Friedmann et al. January, 2013. "Pregnant women and individuals experiencing withdrawal were most likely to receive MAT for opiate dependence in jail or prison, while those re-entering the community from jail or prison were the least likely to receive MAT."
  • A review and content analysis of U.S. Department of Corrections end-of-life decision making policies, Victoria Helmly et al. April, 2022. "When stated, the overwhelming majority (16 of 20, 80%) of policies state that other incarcerated persons could not serve as a health-care proxy."
  • Great Weight: A Review of California Board of Parole Hearings Transcripts to Assess Frequency and Consideration of Intimate Partner Violence among Women Convicted of Homicide Offenses, Stanford Criminal Justice Center at Stanford Law School. June, 2023. "[By reviewing] over 140 parole hearing transcripts...we found that approximately 23% of women incarcerated for homicide in California are serving time for a crime directly linked to their experience of intimate partner violence."


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