HELP US END MASS INCARCERATION
The Prison Policy Initiative uses research, advocacy, and organizing to dismantle mass incarceration. We’ve been in this movement for 22 years, thanks to individual donors like you.
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Thank you,
Peter Wagner, Executive Director Donate
Can you help us sustain this work?
Thank you,
Peter Wagner, Executive Director Donate
Race & ethnicity
Disparities relating to race and ethnicity
- Racial disparities in local jail incarceration rates, 2022 (Created: 2024)
- Racial disparities in prison incarceration rates, 2022 (Created: 2024)
- Racial disparities in men's prison incarceration rates, 2022 (Created: 2024)
- Racial disparities in women's prison incarceration rates, 2022 (Created: 2024)
- Racial and ethnic disparities in correctional facilities (Created: 2024)
- How much higher are Black incarceration rates than white? (Created: 2023)
- Incarceration rates by race and ethnicity in prisons (2021) and jails (2019), by state (Created: 2023)
- Racial/ethnic disparities in prison (2021) and jail (2019) incarceration by state (Created: 2023)
- Police disproportionately threaten or use force against communities of color (Created: 2022)
- Black, Native, and multiracial people in state prisons are more likely than white people to have asthma, diabetes, and hypertension (Created: 2022)
- In state prisons, women of all races and ethnicities are more likely than men to have any mental health diagnosis (Created: 2022)
- White people are very underrepresented in state prisons while almost every other racial and ethnic group is overrepresented (Created: 2022)
- Educational attainment among people entering state prisons is low, especially among Black and Hispanic people (Created: 2022)
- Most transgender people in state prisons are people of color (Created: 2022)
- Incarceration in Indian Country jails and Native incarceration in local jails has exploded since 2000 (Created: 2021)
- The juvenile justice system confines Native youth at a rate higher than the rates of white, Hispanic, and Asian youth combined (Created: 2021)
- For the lowest level offenses, the juvenile justice system confines Native and Black youth at 3 times the rate of white youth (Created: 2021)
- Arrest rates for most youth are falling, while Native youth arrests are on the rise (Created: 2021)
- Racial disparities in incarceration rates by sex, 2010 (Created: 2021)
- The number of Native people in jails depends on how you count them (Created: 2021)
- Black families are disproportionately impacted by incarceration (Created: 2021)
- Homicides with Black and Latinx victims are less likely lead to an arrest than homicides with white victims (Created: 2021)
- Homicides with Black victims and white perpetrators are much more likely to be deemed “justifiable” than those with Black perpetrators and white victims (Created: 2021)
- Black and Latinx people experienced less jail decarceration than white people in 2020 (Created: 2021)
- BIPOC transgender people are disproportionately harassed by police (Created: 2021)
- BIPOC transgender people have especially high lifetime rates of incarceration (Created: 2021)
- Black people in Connecticut are disproportionately impacted by homelessness and incarceration (Created: 2021)
- Racial disparities in men's imprisonment persist across all ages (Created: 2020)
- Expanding jails in Indian country enabled more incarceration, rather than solving problems that led to overcrowding (Created: 2020)
- As in other places, jail expansion in Indian country meant more pretrial detention and longer jail stays (Created: 2020)
- Black people are disproportionately stopped on the street by the police, while white people are much more likely to call the police for help (Created: 2020)
- Among individuals who have any contact with police, people of color disproportionately experience the use of force (Created: 2020)
- Black youth are arrested far out of proportion to their share of all youth in the U.S. (Created: 2020)
- The juvenile justice system confines Black youth at over 4 times the rate of white youth (Created: 2020)
- For the lowest level offenses, Black and American Indian youth are confined at rates over 3 times the rate of white youth (Created: 2020)
- People detained pretrial because they can’t pay bail are much poorer than their peers - and the income gaps are widest for Black people (Created: 2020)
- Pretrial populations, disproportionately Black and Hispanic, have more than doubled over 15 years (Created: 2020)
- Racial disparities in prison incarceration rates, by sex, 2018 (Created: 2020)
- Black people are disproportionately serving sentences of life, life without parole, or “virtual life” (Created: 2020)
- Black people are overrepresented on death row, while white people are underrepresented (Created: 2020)
- Black men and women are overrepresented in solitary confinement, when compared to total prison populations (Created: 2020)
- Formerly incarcerated people have very high rates of homelessness, especially women and people of color (Created: 2020)
- U.S. incarceration rates by race (Created: 2020)
- Stagnant populations and changing demographics: what the new BJS reports tell us about correctional populations (Created: 2020)
- People jailed most frequently are disproportionately black (Created: 2019)
- Racial disparities in LGBTQ youth homelessness and juvenile justice system confinement (Created: 2019)
- Formerly incarcerated people of color face the greatest educational disadvantages (Created: 2018)
- Police are twice as likely to use force against people of color (Created: 2018)
- Homelessness rates among formerly incarcerated people (Created: 2018)
- Gender, race, and ethnicity combine to put women of color at greater risk of homelessness (Created: 2018)
- The "prison penalty" in unemployment (Created: 2018)
- Race and gender disparities in unemployment and job type among formerly incarcerated people active in the labor market (Created: 2018)
- Changes in male homicide rates by race 1980-2015 (Created: 2018)
- Changes in female homicide rates by race 1980-2015 (Created: 2018)
- Racial and ethnic disparities in correctional facilities (Created: 2018)
- Incarceration and HIV infection disparities for Black men (Created: 2017)
- Racial/Ethnic disparities in incarceration by state, 2010 (Created: 2016)
- In the United States, juveniles serving life without parole are disproportionately people of color (Created: 2016)
- Rate at which black juvenile offenders are given life without parole sentences to their white peers (Created: 2016)
- In Pennsylvania, juveniles serving life without parole are disproportionately people of color (Created: 2016)
- In Michigan, juveniles serving life without parole are disproportionately people of color (Created: 2016)
- In Florida, juveniles serving life without parole are disproportionately people of color (Created: 2016)
- In Mississippi, juveniles serving life without parole are disproportionately people of color (Created: 2016)
- In North Carolina, juveniles serving life without parole are disproportionately people of color (Created: 2016)
- In Illinois, juveniles serving life without parole are disproportionately people of color (Created: 2016)
- In Missouri, juveniles serving life without parole are disproportionately people of color (Created: 2016)
- Racial disparity in who is awaiting execution (Created: 2016)
- Racial disparity in who is serving life without parole (Created: 2016)
- Racial disparity in who is serving life sentences (Created: 2016)
- Racial disparity in who is incarcerated in state & federal prison (Created: 2016)
- Racial disparity in who is locked up in jails (Created: 2016)
- People in jail are poor, unable to meet bail (Created: 2016)
- Wealth accumulation and incarceration (Created: 2016)
- Wealth accumulation and incarceration by race & ethnicity (Created: 2016)
- Racial and ethnic disparities in prisons and jails (Created: 2016)
- Racial and ethnic disparities at Attica Correctional Facility, 2005 (Created: 2015)
- Racial and ethnic disparities at New York State Correctional Facilities, 2005 (Created: 2015)
- Racial and ethnic disparities at U.S. correctional facilities, 2005 (Created: 2015)
- Racial/ethnic parity in U.S. correctional facilities, 2005 (Created: 2015)
- Incarcerated people earn substantially less prior to their incarceration than their non-incarcerated counterparts (Created: 2015)
- Black people are incarcerated in counties with disproportionately low Black non-incarcerated population (Created: 2015)
- Latino people are incarcerated in counties with disproportionately low Latino non-incarcerated population (Created: 2015)
- Counties where incarcerated Black and Latino people are disproportionate to the Black and Latino non-incarcerated population (Created: 2015)
- Blacks and Hispanics are less likely than Whites to have computers and high-speed internet access at home (Created: 2015)
- Incarceration rates by race/ethnicity and racial disparities by state, 2010 (Created: 2014)
- Latinos are disproportionately incarcerated in Massachusetts Pioneer Valley jails, 2010 (Created: 2013)
- Blacks are disproportionately incarcerated in Massachusetts Pioneer Valley jails, 2010 (Created: 2013)
- Young males incarcerated at very high rates (Created: 2012)
- Incarcerated males by race (Created: 2012)
- During stops that do not result in an arrest, Blacks are more than 12 times as likely as Whites to experience the use of force during stop & frisks by New York City Police (Created: 2012)
- Innocent Latinos and Blacks are more likely than Whites to experience the use of force during a NYC 'stop and frisk' (Created: 2012)
- Blacks are almost 12 times as likely as Whites to have force used while being stopped or frisked by the New York City Police (Created: 2012)
- New York City's 'stop & frisk' policing consistently focuses on Blacks and Latinos (Created: 2012)
- Blacks are 11 times as likely as Whites to be frisked by the New York City Police (Created: 2012)
- Blacks are more than 8 times as likely as Whites to be stopped by the New York City police (Created: 2012)
- Disenfranchisenment of Black voting age population, 2000 (Created: 2005)
- Percent of Massachusetts adults barred from voting, by race (Created: 2004)
- Blacks are overrepresented in Franklin County, MA jail (Created: 2004)
- Racial disparities in incarceration by state, 2000 (Created: 2004)
- Males are overrepresented in prisons and jails (Created: 2004)
- Racial disparity between U.S. and incarcerated populations (Created: 2004)
- Disparities between Black and White incarceration rates, 2001 (Created: 2004)
- Percent Latino Population Incarcerated by County (Created: 2004)
- Racial disparities in North Carolina incarceration (Created: 2003)
- Racial disparities in North Carolina incarceration (Created: 2003)
- Incarceration rates by race and gender, 2000 (Created: 2003)
- Juveniles in adult prisons, by race (Created: 2003)
- Lifetime chance of incarceration, by race (Created: 2003)
- Murder rates by race and gender, 1998 (Created: 2003)
- Confidence in the police, by race (Created: 2003)
- Do the police treat all races fairly?, by race (Created: 2003)
- Increases in the African American population in prison and in higher education, 1980-2000 (Created: 2003)
- African American male population in higher education and in prison, 2000 (Created: 2003)
- Blacks overrepresented in Ohio prisons (Created: 2003)
- Racial disparities in North Carolina incarceration per 100,000 population (Created: 2003)
- North Carolina state prisons and county percent Black (Created: 2003)
- Percent Black Population Incarcerated by County (Created: 2003)
- New York State prison and general population by race (Created: 2002)
